Around two-thirds of Finland is covered in forest and about a tenth by water. In the far north, the sun does not set for around 10 weeks during the 'White Nights' of summer, while in winter it does not rise above the horizon for nearly eight weeks.
This wild northern landscape inspired Finland's greatest composer Jean Sibelius. His work came to symbolise the country's struggle for independence in the early 20th century after centuries under the domination of its neighbours.
Overview
Hundreds of years of Swedish rule were followed by a further century of Russian control. The country displays distinctive elements of past Scandinavian and Russian links in its style and culture.
Helsinki Cathedral, a landmark in the capital
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Independence in 1917 failed to stem the demands of Finland's giant eastern neighbour.
World War II saw fierce fighting along Finland's eastern border.
Finnish troops mounted a vigorous response to Soviet forces and stalled their advance, but the country was eventually forced to cede 10% of its territory and make extensive war reparation payments to the Soviets.
The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s allowed Finland to step out of the Cold War shadow. It applied for membership of the EU soon after its friendship treaty with the Soviet Union became void in 1991, becoming a full member in 1995.
Finland is the only Nordic EU member to use the euro as the national currency.
The country spends heavily on education, training and research - investment which pays dividends by delivering one of the best-educated and trained workforces in the world.
This has been a key factor in the development of a modern, competitive economy in which a cutting-edge telecommunications sector has been added to the traditional timber and metals industries.
Facts
- Full name: Republic of Finland
- Population: 5.3 million (UN, 2007)
- Capital: Helsinki
- Area: 338,145 sq km (130,559 sq miles)
- Major languages: Finnish, Swedish
- Major religion: Christianity
- Life expectancy: 76 years (men), 82 years (women) (UN)
- Monetary unit: 1 euro = 100 cents
- Main exports: Machinery and electronics, paper and paper products, chemicals
- GNI per capita: US $44,400 (World Bank, 2007)
- Internet domain: .fi
- International dialling code: +358
Leaders
President: Tarja Halonen
President Halonen, re-elected in 2006
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Tarja Halonen became Finland's first woman president in 2000 and was re-elected in January 2006.
She comes from the centre-left of the country's politics.
The role of the president is focused mainly on foreign policy.
Prime minister: Matti Vanhanen
Matti Vanhanen took over as prime minister in June 2003 after his predecessor, Anneli Jaatteenmaki, resigned amid an election campaign scandal.
Centre Party's Matti Vanhanen promised to tackle joblessness
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He belongs to the Centre Party, which won the March 2007 parliamentary elections by a razor-thin margin and governs in a centre-right coalition with the conservative National Coalition Party, the Greens and the Swedish People's Party.
Mr Vanhanen has made tackling unemployment one of his priorities and his government has succeeded in reducing the jobless rate. It has also cut taxes. The prime minister says he wants to boost benefits for the sick and the elderly.
Mr Vanhanen, a former journalist, was defence minister before becoming prime minister at the age of 47. He has been described as having a reserved, austere manner.
He was a candidate in the presidential election in January 2006 but was knocked out of the race when he came third in the first round.
Media
Finland's broadcasting sector is very dynamic and the country is digitising its transmission network. Analogue terrestrial TV broadcasts were switched off in September 2007.
Public YLE, funded by licence fees, operates radio and TV networks. New stations have emerged in a market once dominated by YLE and the established private broadcaster MTV. Pay-TV channels are provided by pan-Nordic operator Canal+.
Finnish law gives every citizen the right to publish printed material, and guarantees the right of reply. Newspapers are privately owned and reflect a range of political views.
The press
- Helsingin Sanomat - Helsinki daily, English-language pages
- Ilta-Sanomat - Helsinki, evening daily
- Hufvudstadsbladet - Helsinki, Swedish-language daily
- Kauppalehti - Helsinki, business daily
- Taloussanomat - Helsinki, business daily
- Aamulehti - Tampere, daily
- Turun Sanomat - Turku, daily
- Demari - Helsinki, organ of Social Democratic Party
- Kansan Uutiset - Helsinki, organ of Left Alliance
- Iltalehti - Helsinki, evening daily
- Helsinki Times - English-language
Television
Radio
News agency
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